Principal Upanishads

Minor Upanishads

Brihadaranyaka Upanishad part 6

II-vi-1: Now the line of teachers: Pautimasya (received it) from Gaupavana. Gaupavana from another Pautimasya. This Pautimasya from another Gaupavana. This Gaupavana from Kausika. Kausika from Kaundinya. Kaundinya from Sandilya. Sandilya from Kausika and Gautama. Gautama –
II-vi-2: From Agnivesya. Agnivesya from Sandilya and Anabhimlata. Anabhimlata from another of that name. He from a third Anabhimlata. This Anabhimlata from Gautama. Gautama from Saitava and Pracinayogya. They from Parasarya. Parasarya from Bharadvaja. He from Bharadvaja and Gautama. Gautama from another Bharadvaja. He from another Parasarya. Parasarya from Baijavapayana. He from Kausikayani. Kausikayani –
II-vi-3: From Ghrtakausika. Ghrtakausika from Parasaryayana. He from Parasarya. Parasarya from Jatukarnya. Jatukarnya from Asurayana and Yaska. Asurayana from Traivani. Traivani from Aupajandhani. He from Asuri. Asuri from Bharadvaja. Bharadvaja from Atreya. Atreya from Manti. Manti from Gautama. Gautama from another Gautama. He from Vatsya. Vatsya from Sandilya. Sandilya from Kaisorya Kapya. He from Kumaraharita. Kumaraharita from Galava. Galava from Vidarbhi-kaundinya. He from Vatsanapat Babhrava. He from Pathin Saubhara. He from Ayasya Angirasa. He from Abhuti Tvastra. He from Visvarupa Tvastra. He from the Asvins. They from Dadhyac Atharvana. He from Atharvan Daiva. He from Mrtyu Pradhvamsana. He from Pradhvamsana. Pradhvamsana from Ekarsi. Ekarsi from Viprachitti. Viprachitti from Vyasri. Vyasti from Sanaru. Sanaru from Sanatana. Sanatana from Sanaga. Sanaga from Paramesthin (Viraj). He from Brahman (Hiranyabarbha). Brahman is self born. Salutation to Brahman.

   III-i-1: Om. Janaka, Emperor of Videha, performed a sacrifice in which gifts were freely distributed. Vedic scholars from Kuru and Panchala were assembled there. Emperor Janaka of Videha had a desire to know, ‘Which is the most erudite of these Vedic scholars ?’ He had a thousand cows confined in a pen, and on the horns of each cow were fixed ten Padas (of gold).
   III-i-2: He said to them, ‘Revered Brahmanas, let him who is the best Vedic scholar among you drive these cows (home).’ None of the Brahmanas dared. Then Yajnavalkya said to a pupil of his, ‘Dear Samasravas, please drive these cows (home).’ He drove them. The Brahmanas were enraged. ‘How does he dare to call himself the best Vedic scholar among us ?’ there was a Hotr of Emperor Janaka of Videha named Asvala. He now asked Yajnavalkya, ‘Yajnavalkya, are you indeed the best Vedic scholar among us ?’ Yajnavalkya replied, ‘I bow to the best Vedic scholar, I just want the cows’. Thereupon the Hotr Asvala determined to interrogate him.
   III-i-3: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘since all this is overtaken by death, and swayed by it, by what means does the sacrificer go beyond the clutches of death ?’ ‘Through the organ of speech – through fire, which is the (real) priest called Hotr. The sacrificer’s organ of speech is the Hotr. This organ of speech is fire; this fire is the Hotr; this (fire) is liberation; this (liberation) is emancipation’.
   III-i-4: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘since all this is overtaken by day and night, and swayed by them, by what means does the sacrificer go beyond the clutches of day and night ?’ ‘Through the eye – through the sun, which is the (real) priest called Adhvaryu. The eye of the sacrificer is the Adhvaryu. This eye is the sun; this sun is the Adhvaryu; this (sun) is liberation; this (liberation) is emancipation’.
   III-i-5: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘since all this is overtaken by the bright and dark fortnights, and swayed by them, by what means does the sacrificer go beyond the bright and dark fortnights /’ ‘Through the vital force – through air, which is the (real) priest called Udgatir. The vital force of the sacrificer is the Udgatir. This vital force is air, and it is the Udgatir; this (air) is liberation; this (liberation) is emancipation.’
   III-i-6: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘since the sky is, as it were, without a support, through what support does the sacrificer go to heaven ?’ ‘Through the mind – through the moon, which is the (real) priest called Brahman. The mind of the sacrificer is the Brahman. This mind is the moon; the moon is the Brahman; this (moon) is liberation; this (liberation) is emancipation’. So far about the ways of emancipation; now about the meditations based on resemblance.
   III-i-7: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘with how many kinds of Rik will the Hotr do his part in this sacrifice to-day ?’ ‘With three kinds’. ‘Which are those three ?’ ‘The preliminary, the sacrificial, and the eulogistic hymns as the third’. ‘What does he win through them ?’ ‘All this that is living’.
   III-i-8: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘how many kinds of oblations will the Adhvaryu offer in this sacrifice to-day ?’ ‘Three’. ‘Which are those three ?’ ‘Those that blaze up on being offered, those that make a great noise, when offered, and those that sink on being offered’. ‘What does he win through them?’ ‘Through those that blaze up on being offered he wins the world of the gods, for this world shines, as it were. Through those that make a great noise, when offered, he wins the world of the manes, for this world is full of uproar. And through those that sink on being offered, he wins the human world, for this world is lower.’
   III-i-9: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘through how many gods does this Brahman from the right protect the sacrifice to-day ?’ ‘Through one’. ‘Which is that one ?’ ‘The mind. The mind is indeed infinite, and infinite are the Visvadevas. Through this meditation he wins an infinite world’.
   III-i-10: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘how many classes of hymns the Udgatir chant in this sacrifice to-day ?’ ‘Three classes’. ‘Which are those three ?’ ‘The preliminary, the sacrificial, and the eulogistic hymns as the third’. ‘Which are those that have reference to the body ?’ ‘The Prana is the preliminary hymn, the Apana is the sacrificial hymn, and the Vyana is the eulogistic hymn’. ‘What does he win through them ?’ ‘Through the preliminary hymns he wins the earth, through the sacrificial hymns he wins the sky, and through the eulogistic hymns he wins heaven’. Thereupon the Hotr Asvala kept silent.

   III-ii-1: Then Artabhaga, of the line of Jaratkaru, asked him. ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘how many are the Grahas, and how many are the Atigrahas ?’ ‘There are eight Grahas and eight Atigrahas’. ‘Which are those eight Grahas and eight Atigrahas ?’
   III-ii-2: The Prana (nose) indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, the Apana (odour), for one smells odours through the Apana (the air breathed in).
   III-ii-3: The organ of speech indeed is the graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, name, for one utters names through the organ of speech.
   III-ii-4: The tongue indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, taste, for one knows tastes through the tongue.
   III-ii-5: The eye indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, colour, for one sees colours through the eye.
   III-ii-6: The ear indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, sound, for one hears sounds through the ear.
   III-ii-7: The mind indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, desire, for one wishes desires through the mind.
   III-ii-8: The hands indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, work, for one does work through the hands.
   III-ii-9: The skin indeed is the Graha; it is controlled by the Atigraha, touch, for one feels touch through the skin. These are the eight Grahas and eight Atigrahas.
   III-ii-10: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘since all this is the food of death, who is that god whose food is death ?’ ‘Fire is death; it is the food of water. (One who knows thus) conquers further death’.
III-ii-11: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘when the (liberated) man dies, do his organs go up from him, or do they not ?’ ‘No’, replied Yajnavalkya, ‘(They) merge in him only. The body swells, is inflated, and in that state lies dead.’
III-ii-12: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘when this man dies, what is it that does not leave him ?’ ‘Name. The name indeed is infinite, and infinite are the Visvadevas. He (who knows thus) wins thereby a really infinite world’.
III-ii-13: ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘when the vocal organ of a man who dies is merged in fire, the nose in air, the eye in the sun, the mind in the moon, the ear in the quarters, the body in the earth, the ether of the heart in the external ether, the hair on the body in herbs, that on the head in trees, and the blood and the seed are deposited in water, where is then the man ?’ ‘Give me your hand, dear Artabhaga, we will decide this between ourselves, we cannot do it in a crowded place.’ They went out and talked it over. What they mentioned there was only work, and what they praised there was also work alone. (Therefore) one indeed becomes good through good work and evil through evil work. Thereupon Artabhaga, of the line of Jaratkaru, kept silent.

III-iii-1: Then Bhujyu, the grandson of Lahya, asked him. ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘we travelled in Madra as students, and we came to the house of Patanchala of the line of Kapi. His daughter was possessed by a Gandharva. We asked him, "Who are you ?" He said, "I am Sudhanvan, of the line of Angiras". When we asked him about the limits of the world, we said to him, "Where were the descendants of Pariksit ?" And I ask you, Yajnavalkya, where were the descendants of Pariksit ? (Tell me) where were the descendants of Pariksit ?’
III-iii-2: Yajnavalkya said, ‘The Gandharva evidently told you that they went where the performers of the horse sacrifice go’. ‘And where do the performers of the horse sacrifice go ?’ ‘Thirty-two times the space covered by the sun’s chariot in a day makes this world; around it, covering twice the area, is the earth; around the earth, covering twice the area, is the ocean. Now, as is the edge of a razor, or the wing of a fly, so is there just that much opening at the junction (of the two halves of the cosmic shell). (Through that they go out.) Fire, in the form of a falcon, delivered them to the air; the air, putting them in itself, took them where the (previous) performers of the horse sacrifice were’. Thus did the Gandharva praise the air. Therefore the air is the diversity of individuals, and the air is the aggregate. He who knows it as such conquers further death. Thereupon Bhujyu, the grandson of Lahya, kept silent.

III-iv-1: Then Usata, the son of Chakra, asked him. ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘explain to me the Brahman that is immediate and direct – the self that is within all.’ ‘This is your self that is within all’. ‘Which is within all, Yajnavalkya ?’ ‘That which breathes through the Prana is your self that is within all. That which moves downwards through the Apana is your self that is within all. That which pervades through the Vyana is your self that is within all. That which goes out through the Udana is your self that is within all. This is your self that is within all.’
III-iv-2: Usata, the son of Chakra, said, ‘You have indicated it as one may say that a cow is such and such, or a horse is such and such. Explain to me the Brahman that is immediate and direct – the self that is within all’. ‘This is your self that is within all’. ‘Which is within all, Yajnavalkya ?’ ‘You cannot see that which is the witness of vision; you cannot hear that which is the hearer of hearing; you cannot think that which is the thinker of thought; you cannot know that which is the knower of knowledge. This is your self that is within all; everything else but this is perishable.’ Thereupon Usata, the son of Chakra, kept silent.

iii-v-1: Then Kahola, the son of Kusitaka, asked him, ‘Yajnavalkya’, said he, ‘explain to me the Brahman that is immediate and direct – the self that is within all’. ‘This is your self that is within all’. ‘Which is within all, Yajnavalkya ?’ ‘That which transcends hunger and thirst, grief, delusion, decay and death. Knowing this very Self the Brahmanas renounce the desire for sons, for wealth and for the worlds, and lead a mendicant’s life. That which is the desire for sons is the desire for wealth, and that which is the desire for wealth is the desire for worlds, for both these are but desires. Therefore the knower of Brahman, having known all about scholarship, should try to live upon that strength which comes of knowledge; having known all about this strength and scholarship, he becomes meditative; having known all about both meditativeness and its opposite, he becomes a knower of Brahman. How does that knower of b behave ? Howsoever he may behave, he is just such. Except this, everything is perishable.’ Thereupon Kahola, the son of Kusitaka, kept silent.

iii-vi-1: Then Gargi, the daughter of Vacaknu, asked him, ‘Yajnavalkya’, she said, ‘if all this is pervaded by water, by what is water pervaded ?’ ‘By air, O Gargi’. ‘By what is air pervaded?’ ‘By the sky, O Gargi’. ‘By what is the sky pervaded ?’ ‘By the world of the Gandharvas, O Gargi’. ‘By what is the world of the Gandharvas pervaded ?’ ‘By the sun, O Gargi.’ ‘By what is the sun pervaded ?’ ‘By the moon, O Gargi.’ ‘By what is the moon pervaded ?’ ‘By the stars, O Gargi’. ‘By what are the stars pervaded ?’ ‘By the world of the gods, O Gargi’. ‘By what is the world of the gods pervaded ?’ ‘By the world of Indra, O Gargi’. By what is the world of Indra pervaded?’ ‘By the world of Viraj, O Gargi’. ‘By what is the world of Viraj pervaded?’ ‘ By the world of Hiranyagarbha, O Gargi’. ‘By what is the world of Hiranyagarbha pervaded ?’ He said, ‘Do not, O Gargi, push your inquiry too far, lest your head should fall off. You are questioning about a deity that should not be reasoned about. Do not, O Gargi, push your inquiry too far.’ Thereupon Gargi, the daughter of Vacaknu, kept silent.

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